[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ next_background_color=”#ee7323″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” background_color_gradient_direction=”176deg” background_image=”https:\/\/dejouerfatalite.uqam.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Introduction.jpg” background_position=”top_center” background_vertical_offset=”8%” min_height_tablet=”250px” min_height_phone=”” min_height_last_edited=”on|tablet” height=”375px” height_tablet=”350px” height_phone=”300px” height_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” bottom_divider_style=”slant” bottom_divider_height=”130px” bottom_divider_flip=”horizontal” background_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”60px|auto||auto|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”30px||||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”30px||||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”edosz||||||||” header_text_color=”#ee7323″ header_font_size=”80px” custom_margin=”|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”|||0px|false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” animation_direction=”right” header_font_size_tablet=”60px” header_font_size_phone=”50px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_css_main_element=”font-family: edosz;” header_text_shadow_style=”preset5″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”0.04em” header_text_shadow_vertical_length=”0.04em” header_text_shadow_color=”#ffffff” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#ee7323″ min_height_tablet=”” min_height_phone=”” min_height_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px|||” collapsed=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”3_5,2_5″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_css_main_element=”align-self: center;” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Roboto Condensed||||||||” text_text_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
The Industrial Revolution required a steady flow of poor migrants. They came from rural Quebec, the United Kingdom, the United States, and, starting in the late nineteenth century, from continental Europe. The families of the period faced a totally new reality. They had to find work outside the home, depend on daily wages for food and shelter, and adapt to industrial discipline.<\/strong><\/p>\n Industrialization created unprecedented wealth, but people at the time were also shocked by the widespread misery faced by urban workers. Conditions only began to improve after the Great Depression of the 1930s. Wage labour brought insecurity to many working-class families. Unemployment, illness, old age, death, or even the birth of a child could drive them into poverty.<\/strong><\/p>\n Since few social services were available at the time, families tried to protect themselves through strategies like sending children out to work and renting rooms to boarders. Within this family economy, each member was given a role, under the authority of the male breadwinner. But too often, their efforts fell short.<\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_css_main_element=”align-self: center;” global_colors_info=”{}”][difl_imagecarousel variable_width=”on” item_spacing=”141px” centered_slides=”on” loop=”off” arrow=”off” ic_content_background_bgcolor=”#FFFFFF” ic_overlay_background_use_gradient=”off” ic_overlay_background_color_gradient_1=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” ic_overlay_background_color_gradient_2=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” arrow_color=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” dots_color=”#ffffff” active_dots_color=”#323235″ wrapper_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” item_wrapper_margin=”||8px||false|false” item_wrapper_padding=”||0px||false|false” content_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” content_padding=”||0px||false|false” item_height_tablet=”” item_height_phone=”195px” item_height_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”522c793a-5edb-4973-9022-187e5373c88a” caption_text_color=”#4d4d4f” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_margin=”0px|-68px|0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px|0px|||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” scroll_vertical_motion=”0|50|50|100|1|0|0″ border_width_all=”3px” global_colors_info=”{}” ic_overlay_background_bgcolor__hover=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” ic_overlay_background_color_gradient_2__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” ic_overlay_background_color_gradient_2__hover=”rgba(50,50,53,0.2)” arrow_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” arrow_color__hover=”#FFFFFF”][difl_imagecarouselitem image=”https:\/\/dejouerfatalite.uqam.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Shoe-Qc-1894.jpg” caption=”Saint-Roch Neighbourhood\u2014Saint-Vallier Street East\u2014The Adams Shoe Company, 1894, photograph by Philippe Gingras, BAnQ, Philippe Gingras fonds, P585, D11, P6.” ic_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_imagecarouselitem][\/difl_imagecarousel][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ prev_background_color=”#ee7323″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FFFFFF” background_color_gradient_direction=”184deg” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”150px||||false|false” top_divider_style=”slant” top_divider_flip=”horizontal” collapsed=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_5,3_5″ make_equal=”on” module_class=”custom_row” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” custom_css_main_element=”align-self: center;” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ module_class=”second-on-mobile” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||||false|false” custom_css_main_element=”align-self: center;” global_colors_info=”{}”][difl_imagecarousel item_spacing=”300px” centered_slides=”on” arrow=”off” dots=”on” ic_equal_height=”on” ic_full_width=”on” ic_content_background_bgcolor=”#323235″ ic_overlay_background_use_gradient=”off” ic_overlay_background_color_gradient_1=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” ic_overlay_background_color_gradient_2=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” arrow_color=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” active_dots_color=”#323235″ wrapper_margin=”||0px||false|false” wrapper_padding=”||0px||false|false” item_wrapper_margin=”||8px||false|false” item_wrapper_padding=”||0px||false|false” content_margin=”||0px||false|false” item_height_tablet=”300px” item_height_phone=”200px” item_height_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”522c793a-5edb-4973-9022-187e5373c88a” caption_text_align=”left” background_color=”#323235″ module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”1px||||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”25px||||false|false” scroll_vertical_motion=”0|50|50|100|1|0|0″ custom_css_main_element=”align-items: center;” border_width_all=”3px” border_color_all=”#323235″ global_colors_info=”{}” ic_overlay_background_bgcolor__hover=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” ic_overlay_background_color_gradient_2__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” ic_overlay_background_color_gradient_2__hover=”rgba(50,50,53,0.2)” arrow_color__hover=”#ee7323″ arrow_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover”][difl_imagecarouselitem image=”https:\/\/dejouerfatalite.uqam.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/1-1.jpg” caption=”A Man and His Child\u2014Shelters in Montreal, %911920\u20131933%93, BAnQ-Montr\u00e9al, La Presse fonds, P833, S3, D835.” ic_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_imagecarouselitem][difl_imagecarouselitem image=”https:\/\/dejouerfatalite.uqam.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/6-e1642698956529.jpg” caption=”Sister Th\u00e8cle, 76 years old, giving assistance to the Bergeron family, n.d., Sisters of Providence, M86.K2.3 (89).” ic_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_imagecarouselitem][difl_imagecarouselitem image=”https:\/\/dejouerfatalite.uqam.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/7-1.jpg” caption=”\u201cO\u00f9 vivent des enfants, en ville\u201d %91Where Children Live in the City%93, F\u00e9d\u00e9ration des \u0153uvres de charit\u00e9 canadiennes-fran\u00e7aises, c. 1930, BAnQ-Montr\u00e9al, La Presse fonds, P833, S3, D394.” ic_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_imagecarouselitem][\/difl_imagecarousel][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ module_class=”first-on-mobile” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_css_main_element=”align-self: center;” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text module_id=”precarit\u00e9-familles-ouvri\u00e8res” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_2_font=”Oswald|300|||||||” header_3_font=”Oswald|300|on||||||” header_3_text_color=”#4d4d4f” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Roboto Condensed||||||||” text_text_color=”#4d4d4f” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Families that spend more than 70% of their income on housing, food, and clothing are considered poor. In the 1920s, the Montreal Council of Social Agencies conducted a study of working-class families in the city. This umbrella organization for non-Catholic charities was affiliated with McGill University\u2019s School of Social Work. The study found that in most cases, families could not support themselves on a male breadwinner\u2019s salary alone. In fact, the situation was probably worse than suggested, since the organization used a \u201chighly conservative\u201d estimate for the cost of necessities and made the \u201cbold assumption\u201d that annual earnings would not be affected by seasonal unemployment.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_code _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\nWorking-class Families in Precarious Situations<\/h2>\n