{"id":239456,"date":"2021-04-08T18:39:54","date_gmt":"2021-04-08T18:39:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dejouerfatalite.dev.uqam.ca\/conclusion\/"},"modified":"2022-10-17T19:01:23","modified_gmt":"2022-10-17T19:01:23","slug":"conclusion","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dejouerfatalite.uqam.ca\/en\/conclusion\/","title":{"rendered":"Conclusion"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Conclusion<\/h1>\n

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The Great Depression of the 1930s was a decisive moment in the history of social regulation. The existing system was overwhelmed by the needs of families seeking social protection. The financial crisis clearly demonstrated what the labour movement had been claiming for decades, namely that families were vulnerable because they depended on the labour market for their livelihoods.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The system reflected societal choices typical of contemporary liberalism. Rather than promote higher wages and reduce social inequality, liberalism preferred to have destitute members of society, who could no longer be cared for by poor families, placed in charitable institutions. Rather than serve as a replacement for families in crisis, these facilities were generally designed to take over certain functions of the family only until such time as it could re-establish itself under the authority of a male breadwinner who was deemed socially respectable.<\/strong><\/p>\n

These institutions provided services that were often highly appreciated by the most disadvantaged members of society. . Nevertheless, their way of doing things tended to isolate people and restrict personal freedom. They operated based on power relations that encouraged frequent acts of humiliation and abuse.<\/strong> <\/p>\n

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Antoine D\u00e9silets, c. 1960, Antoine D\u00e9silets fonds, BAnQ Vieux-Montr\u00e9al, P697, S1, SS1, SSS18, D101_25, D101_055, and D101_031.” ic_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_imagecarouselitem][\/difl_imagecarousel][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ module_class=”first-on-mobile” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_css_main_element=”align-self: center;” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text module_id=”Troubled-Legacy” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_2_font=”Oswald|300|||||||” header_3_font=”Oswald|300|on||||||” header_3_text_color=”#4d4d4f” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

A Troubled Legacy<\/h2>\n

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Exploring the history of institutional responses to social problems can cause painful memories to resurface. Indeed, there have been persistent accusations of physical and psychological abuse in jails, orphanages, reformatories, residential schools, hospitals, refuges, asylums, and hospices.<\/p>\n

Above all, responsibility for these issues lies with governments and religious institutions that worked together to develop and fund a system for institutionalizing poor, vulnerable, and marginal individuals beginning in the mid-nineteenth century. Survivors\u2019 stories and official reports have uncovered extensive evidence of abuse. But many, including the newspaper Le Devoir<\/a> in 2021, have called for a public inquiry to more thoroughly assess how the institutional system managed to undermine human dignity over the decades.<\/p>\n

Without a doubt, in recent years, the most significant such initiative has been the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, which concluded that so-called Indian residential schools were at the heart of a \u201ccultural genocide\u201d against indigenous peoples. The history of these residential schools clearly demonstrates how the logic of institutionalization can have devastating consequences when based on racist and colonialist ideologies.<\/p>\n

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The Insane Cry Out for Help<\/h3>\n

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After the Second World War, medical advances in psychiatric care led many to reconsider the primary role played by asylums in addressing mental health disorders. At the same time, overpopulated asylums faced scathing criticism. For example, in the 1950s, journalist Jacques H\u00e9bert condemned the poor psychiatric care provided at Quebec asylums in the pages of the weekly newspaper Vrai<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Such criticisms culminated in 1961 with the publication of Jean-Charles Pag\u00e9\u2019s book, titled Les fous crient au secours! T\u00e9moignage d\u2019un ex-patient de Saint-Jean-de-Dieu.<\/em>. Speaking on behalf of \u201cmen without a voice,\u201d the former patient condemned the degrading housing conditions and lack of medical follow-up at the asylum, as well as the widespread use of punitive and arbitrary punishments. The book, which included an afterword by psychiatrist Camille Laurin, produced a public scandal that led to the creation of a commission of inquiry on psychiatric hospitals.<\/p>\n

Released in 1962, the B\u00e9dard Commission report described the disturbing state of mental asylums in Quebec. It highlighted the need for a set of comprehensive mental health reforms to ensure better care and greater respect for personal autonomy and individual rights. The proposed reforms focused on the \u201cdeinstitutionalization\u201d of care, along with the development of new, community-based patient services. However, such services would be chronically underfunded, negatively impacting many of those dealing with mental health problems. <\/p>\n

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The Duplessis Orphans<\/h3>\n

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The Duplessis Orphans were not orphans in the strict sense of the word. Rather, they were a group of thousands of children born out of wedlock during the second third of the twentieth century. Their shared experience was shaped by years spent confined to institutions such as nurseries, orphanages, industrial schools, reformatories, and asylums. Having remained silent for decades, several of them came together in the 1990s to demand compensation for the harm they had suffered: false diagnoses of mental illness, arbitrary detention, lack of educational opportunities, forced labour, physical and psychological abuse, and sexual assault.<\/p>\n

In 2001, those who had been falsely labelled as mentally ill accepted an offer from the Quebec government that included modest financial compensation of about $25,000 per person. Six years later, individuals who had been committed to non-psychiatric institutions and labelled \u201cdeficient\u201d received $15,000 each. In 2018, another group of survivors filed a class action (still ongoing) against the federal government, the provincial government, and certain religious communities.<\/p>\n

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